European whole-life costs | Features

Labour performance factors
		Climate (°C)			Rain (mm)		Labour	Building
Country	min	max	avg	min	max	Avg	performance	labourer
Austria	–3	25	11	40	90	58	1.31	19,613
Belgium	–2	23	11	60	100	79	1.00	24,488
Finland	–10	22	5	4	8	6	1.22	19,726
France	2	24	12	40	60	53	1.08	14,738
Germany	-3	24	10	40	70	53	0.94	23,354
Greece	6	33	19	0	7	3	1.22	12,017
Ireland	2	20	10	50	80	68	1.14	20,180
Italy	5	30	17	10	110	60	1.10	14,625
Netherlands	–2	22	10	50	80	63	1.02	24,261
Portugal	8	29	18	0	100	53	1.27	7142
Spain	2	31	16	10	50	34	1.32	11,667
United Kingdom	3	22	11	40	55	47	1.00	19,613
% Taken from UBS report Prices and Earnings Around the Globe 2000.

Whole-life costs
		UK		Austria		Belgium		Finland		France		Germany		Greece		Ireland		Italy		Netherlands		Portugal		Spain
		Total cost	Cost/m2	Total cost	Cost/m2	Total cost	Cost/m2	Total cost	Cost/m2	Total cost	Cost/m2	Total cost	Cost/m2	Total cost	Cost/m2	Total cost	Cost/m2	Total cost	Cost/m2	Total cost	Cost/m2	Total cost	Cost/m2	Total cost	Cost/m2
		€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€
Construction cost %		1,351,021	600.45	1,634,736	726.55	1,472,613	654.49	1,702,287	756.57	1,769,838	786.59	1,864,409	828.63	1,229,429	546.41	1,499,634	666.50	1,486,123	660.50	1,742,817	774.59	1,121,348	498.38	1,188,899	528.40
Occupancy costs
	M&E maintenance	420,244	186.78	537,913	239.07	470,674	209.19	592,544	263.35	630,366	280.16	722,820	321.25	386,625	171.83	500,091	222.26	563,127	250.28	626,164	278.30	239,539	106.46	407,637	181.17
	Fabric	420,244	186.78	504,293	224.13	458,066	203.59	542,115	240.94	609,354	270.82	655,581	291.37	378,220	168.10	487,483	216.66	508,496	226.00	588,342	261.49	273,159	121.40	378,220	168.10
	Cleaning	653,713	290.54	915,199	406.75	751,770	334.12	1,052,478	467.77	1,032,867	459.05	1,294,352	575.27	627,565	278.92	810,605	360.27	1,019,793	453.24	1,072,090	476.48	281,097	124.93	706,010	313.78
	Waste	11,272	5.01	15,104	6.71	11,384	5.06	10,032	4.46	11,497	5.11	13,977	6.21	13,864	6.16	12,061	5.36	17,696	7.87	11,722	5.21	13,188	5.86	12,624	5.61
	Electricity	347,829	154.59	466,091	207.15	351,308	156.14	309,568	137.59	354,786	157.68	431,308	191.69	427,830	190.15	372,177	165.41	546,092	242.71	361,742	160.77	406,960	180.87	389,569	173.14
	Gas installations	27,891	12.40	37,374	16.61	28,170	12.52	24,823	11.03	28,449	12.64	34,585	15.37	34,306	15.25	29,843	13.26	43,788	19.46	29,006	12.89	32,632	14.50	31,238	13.88
	Water	22,534	10.02	30,195	13.42	22,759	10.12	20,055	8.91	22,984	10.22	27,942	12.42	27,717	12.32	24,111	10.72	35,378	15.72	23,435	10.42	26,364	11.72	25,238	11.22
	Communications	332,808	147.91	445,963	198.21	336,136	149.39	296,199	131.64	339,464	150.87	412,682	183.41	409,354	181.94	356,105	158.27	522,509	232.23	346,120	153.83	389,386	173.06	372,745	165.66
	Post room	21,955	9.76	30,738	13.66	25,249	11.22	35,348	15.71	34,690	15.42	43,472	19.32	21,077	9.37	27,225	12.10	34,250	15.22	36,007	16.00	9441	4.20	23,712	10.54
	Porterage	45,181	20.08	63,253	28.11	51,958	23.09	72,741	32.33	71,386	31.73	89,458	39.76	43,374	19.28	56,024	24.90	70,482	31.33	74,097	32.93	19,428	8.63	48,795	21.69
	Internal moves	550,511	244.67	770,715	342.54	633,087	281.37	886,322	393.92	869,807	386.58	1,090,011	484.45	528,490	234.88	682,633	303.39	858,797	381.69	902,837	401.26	236,720	105.21	594,552	264.25
	Security	182,171	80.96	255,040	113.35	209,497	93.11	293,296	130.35	287,831	127.92	360,699	160.31	174,884	77.73	225,892	100.40	284,187	126.31	298,761	132.78	78,334	34.81	196,745	87.44
	Management	134,058	59.58	187,681	83.41	154,167	68.52	215,833	95.93	211,812	94.14	265,435	117.97	128,696	57.20	166,232	73.88	209,130	92.95	219,855	97.71	57,645	25.62	144,783	64.35
Occupancy cost %%		3,170,412	1409.07	4,259,558	1893.14	3,504,225	1557.43	4,351,355	1933.94	4,505,292	2002.35	5,442,322	2,418.81	3 ,202,001	1423.11	3,750,482	1666.88	4,713,726	2094.99	4,590,180	2040.08	2,063,892	917.29	3,331,867	1480.83
Whole-life cost		4,521,433	2009.53	5,894,294	2619.69	4,976,838	2211.93	6,053,642	2690.51	6,275,130	2788.95	7,306,731	3,247.44	4,431,430	1969.52	5,250,115	2333.38	6,199,849	2755.49	6,332,997	2814.67	3,185,239	1415.66	4,520,766	2009.23
% Construction costs exclude: land acquisition, capital allowances, finance costs and taxes.
%% Occupancy costs exclude: lifts, external works and planting, reception and any catering.