European whole-life costs | Features

Labour performance factors
	Climate (°C)			Rain (mm)
Country	min	max	avg	min	max	avg	Labour performance factor	Building labourer income (€)
United Kingdom	3	22	11	40	55	47	1.00	19,848
Austria	-3	25	11	40	90	58	1.31	19,750
Belgium	-2	23	11	60	100	79	1.00	24,733
Finland	-10	22	5	4	8	6	1.22	20,098
France	2	24	12	40	60	53	1.08	14,944
Germany	-3	24	10	40	70	53	0.94	23,728
Greece	6	33	19	0	7	3	1.22	12,161
Ireland	2	20	10	50	80	68	1.14	20,483
Italy	5	30	17	10	110	60	1.10	14,771
Netherlands	-2	22	10	50	80	63	1.02	24,382
Portugal	8	29	18	0	100	53	1.27	7,099
Spain	2	31	16	10	50	34	1.32	11,702

Whole-life costs of a notional manufacturing plant
	UK		Austria		Belgium		Finland		France		Germany		Greece		Ireland		Italy		Netherlands		Portugal		Spain
	Total cost €	Cost/m² €	Total cost €	Cost/m² €	Total cost €	Cost/m² €	Total cost €	Cost/m² €	Total cost €	Cost/m² €	Total cost €	Cost/m² €	Total cost €	Cost/m² €	Total cost €	Cost/m² €	Total cost €	Cost/m² €	Total cost €	Cost/m² €	Total cost €	Cost/m² €	Total cost €	Cost/m² €
Construction cost*	1,398,307	621.47	1,665,600	740.27	1,494,958	664.43	1,686,966	749.76	1,822,933	810.19	1,883,092	836.93	1,273,991	566.22	1,564,582	695.37	1,511,387	671.73	1,803,816	801.70	1,156,864	514.16	1,221,603	542.93
Occupancy costs breakdown
M&E maintenance	425,695	189.20	542,770	241.23	475,705	211.42	602,755	267.89	639,698	284.31	733,272	325.90	393,003	174.67	510,246	226.78	570,382	253.50	631,412	280.63	239,823	106.59	410,715	182.54
Fabric	426,307	189.47	510,382	226.84	463,436	205.97	551,644	245.18	619,109	275.16	663,547	294.91	387,010	172.00	501,263	222.78	517,244	229.89	596,257	265.00	276,425	122.86	383,659	170.51
Cleaning	661,875	294.17	922,534	410.01	759,547	337.58	1,070,492	475.77	1,047,742	465.66	1,314,066	584.03	636,506	282.89	824,915	366.63	1,031,460	458.43	1,079,263	479.67	280,420	124.63	709,735	315.44
Waste	10,822	4.81	15,135	6.73	11,382	5.06	10,232	4.55	11,533	5.13	14,256	6.34	14,530	6.46	12,559	5.58	17,743	7.89	11,780	5.24	13,531	6.01	12,781	5.68
Electricity	309,081	137.37	463,388	205.95	346,249	153.89	323,313	143.69	353,686	157.19	426,823	189.70	417,519	185.56	418,253	185.89	539,266	239.67	350,203	155.65	394,548	175.35	382,907	170.18
Gas	21,950	9.76	37,374	16.61	27,764	12.34	24,550	10.91	26,636	11.84	34,225	15.21	34,306	15.25	30,795	13.69	43,241	19.22	29,534	13.13	32,632	14.50	31,712	14.09
Water	19,879	8.84	30,035	13.35	22,406	9.96	20,546	9.13	22,681	10.08	28,666	12.74	30,544	13.57	26,062	11.58	35,081	15.59	23,545	10.46	28,315	12.58	25,909	11.52
Communications	303,947	135.09	444,518	197.56	332,936	147.97	307,727	136.77	339,573	150.92	410,569	182.48	402,444	178.86	392,442	174.42	518,329	230.37	337,634	150.06	379,417	168.63	367,870	163.50
Post room	22,235	9.88	31,000	13.78	25,514	11.34	35,955	15.98	35,196	15.64	44,117	19.61	21,401	9.51	27,741	12.33	34,667	15.41	36,278	16.12	9,435	4.19	23,864	10.61
Porterage	45,723	20.32	63,696	28.31	52,478	23.32	73,978	32.88	72,385	32.17	90,890	40.40	43,894	19.51	56,865	25.27	71,187	31.64	74,467	33.10	19,311	8.58	48,942	21.75
Internal moves	559,790	248.80	783,930	348.41	641,600	285.16	902,414	401.07	885,479	393.55	1,099,061	488.47	546,714	242.98	710,986	315.99	879,761	391.00	922,615	410.05	243,802	108.36	609,867	271.05
Security	184,357	81.94	256,825	114.14	211,592	94.04	298,282	132.57	291,860	129.72	366,470	162.88	176,983	78.66	229,281	101.90	287,029	127.57	300,255	133.45	77,864	34.61	197,335	87.70
Management	135,667	60.30	188,995	84.00	155,708	69.20	219,502	97.56	214,777	95.46	269,682	119.86	130,240	57.88	168,725	74.99	211,222	93.88	220,954	98.20	57,299	25.47	145,217	64.54
Total occupancy cost**	3,127,328	1,389.92	4,290,581	1,906.92	3,526,318	1,567.25	4,441,391	1,973.95	4,560,357	2,026.83	5,495,643	2,442.51	3,235,094	1,437.82	3,910,133	1,737.84	4,756,611	2,114.05	4,614,197	2,050.75	2,052,822	912.37	3,350,514	1,489.12
Whole-life cost	4,525,635	2,011.39	5,956,181	2,647.19	5,021,275	2,231.68	6,128,358	2,723.71	6,383,290	2,837.02	7,378,735	3,279.44	4,509,085	2,004.04	5,474,715	2,433.21	6,267,999	2,785.78	6,418,013	2,852.45	3,209,686	1,426.53	4,572,117	2,032.05
* Construction costs exclude: land acquisition, capital allowances, financial costs and taxes. ** Occupancy costs exclude: lifts, external works and planting, reception and any catering.