Welcome to building.co.uk. This site uses cookies. Read our policy.

London hotel performance 1991-95 (all hotels)
YearOccupancyAverage achieved rate/room £Operating profit, (1982 base) £
199166.4837800
199270.5817200
199375757000
199481.2828500
199582.2909600
Source: Panell Kerr Associates
Development standards for four- and five-star city-centre hotels
Development areas 
Five-star city centre70-85 m2 gfa/guest room
Four-star city centre55-70 m2 gfa/guest room
Indicative space standards 
Suites48-90 m2/guest room
Double bedrooms: 
-large35-50 m2/guest room
-average 30-35 m2/guest room
Allowance for partitions6-8% of bedroom area
Restaurant1.6-2.0 m2/seat
Bar1.5 m2/seat
Kitchen/food preparation and storage 0.8-1.0 m2/seat
Banquet1.2-1.4 m2/seat
Catering for banquet0.12-0.25 m2/seat
Function/meeting rooms1.5-1.6m2/person
Conference facilities0.6-2.0 m2/person
Staff restaurant/kitchen1.2 m2/seat
Service rooms30-50 m2/bedroom floor
Ancillary space allownce 
General storage and housekeeping350-400 m2
Front hall/entrance/lounge250-400 m2
Adminstration150-225 m2
Circulation 
--public and back of house areas 25%
-bedroom floor35-45%
plant rooms and ducts6-8%
Car parking0.3 spaces/guest room
 21-27 m2/car space
Allowances for additional facilites  
Retail units10-100 m2
Swimming pool and changing250-500 m2+
Health spa30-100m2+
Gymnasium50-100 m2+
Source: Davis Langdon & Everest and Lawson F, Hotels & Resorts, Butterworth, 1995
Luxury hotel development costs (£000s)
Development costs  
Demolition250 
Construction costs13,300 
(based on £1255/m2 gross floor area)  
External works50 
Furniture fitting and equipment3,570 
Total Construction costs17,170 
Professional fees @ 12%2,060 
Finance costs @ 12% pa2,44621,676
(50% of construction programme)  
Site/existing building purchase  
Existing building10,309 
Acquisition costs @ 5%520 
Finance costs @ 12% 13,579
Developer's profit @ 12%  3,607
Total development cost 38,862
 Say39,000
Luxury hotel development costs (£000s)
Development costs  
Demolition250 
Construction costs13,300 
(based on £1255/m2 gross floor area)  
External works50 
Furniture fitting and equipment3,570 
Total Construction costs17,170 
Professional fees @ 12%2,060 
Finance costs @ 12% pa2,44621,676
(50% of construction programme)  
Site/existing building purchase  
Existing building10,309 
Acquisition costs @ 5%520 
Finance costs @ 12% 13,579
Developer's profit @ 12%  3,607
Total development cost 38,862
 Say39,000
Luxury hotel assessment appraisal
Appraisal year12345678910
Number of beds (a)106106106106106106106106106106
Occupancy (b)55%65%70%75%75%75%75%75%75%75%
Income          
Achieved room rate (£) (c) 202222243253263274285296308320
Total revenue (£000s) (d) 6,8278,98910,97512,37512,86413,40213,94014,47815,06515,652
Total expenses (£000s) (e) 5,5786,9917,2438,1678,4918,8459,2009,5559,94310,331
Net income (£000s) (f=d-e) 1,2491,9983,7324,2084,3734,5574,7404,9235,1225,321
Finance costs (£000s) (g) 2,9102,9102,9102,9102,9102,9102,9102,9102,9102,910
Net income to equity (£000s) (h=f-g)-1,661-9128221,2981,4631,6471,8302,0132,21251,946**
Discount factor @ 16% (j) 0.86210.74320.64070.55230.47610.41040.35380.3050.2630.2267
Discounted cash flow (£000s) (k=h x j)-1,432-67852771769767664761458211,776
Net present value (l = total of all 10 yearly values of k)         14,126
Debt          
Total annual debt 2,9102,9102,9102,9102,9102,9102,9102,9102,91021,562†
Discount factor @ 9.5% (n) 0.91320.8340.76170.69560.63520.58010.52980.48380.44180.4035
Discounted cash flow (£000s) (p=m x n)2,6572,4272,7172,0241,8481,6881,5421,4081,2868,700
Net present value (£000s) (q=total of all 10 yearly values of p)         25,797
Total net present value (£000s) (l=q)         39,923
*Total revenue is derived from room revenue (365 days x a x b x c), plus revenue from food, beverages and other sources. Non-room revenue can be derived from estimates or factored as a proportion of total room revenue.
**Includes residual value of future earnings less outstanding mortgage balance and disposal costs. Residual value of net earnings @ 8% = £68,187,000
†Includes outstanding balance of loan capital at end of year 10 = £18,652,000
Cost breakdown
 Element cost (£)Cost/m2 gifa (£)% of total cost
Substructure497 80046.993.74
1.5m diameter rotary bored piles, 15m deep; pile caps 44 @£5,450
Ground bearing slab; 200 mm hardcore bed; damp-proof membrane; high-yield bar reinforcement  1560 m2 @£50.00
Basement retaining wall; reinforced concrete 300 mm thick; waterproofing; protection 300 m2 @£180
Allowance for repairs; waterproofing and strengthening to retained basement walls  11 000 m2 @£36,000
Reinforced concrete suspended troughed slab at ground-floor level, isolated and attached reinforced concrete columns 1500 m2 @£60.00
Frame787 30074.325.92
Structural steel framing including portal frames at roof level 590 t @£970
Allowance for additional framing and trimming to openings 50 t @£1,180
Rigid board fire protection to beams and columns 7600 m2 @£15.00
Reinforced concrete casing to columns at ground level 170 m @£100
Glass reinforced gypsum decorative column casings 100 m2 @£250
Upper floors359 40033.922.7
Precast prestressed concrete floor slabs including structural topping 7200 m2 @£45.00
Insitu concrete suspended slab; 150 mm thick; 7.5 kN/m2 floor loading; to plant rooms 280 m2 @£55.00
Galvanised steel mezzanine platforms to plant rooms allow£20,000
Roof222 40020.991.67
Slate roofing on battens and felt insulatoin and profile steel decking to portal roof framing 2250 m2 @£85.00
Lightweight standing seam roofing, decking, insulation, colour-coated finish; to plant rooms and services areas 230 m2 @£50.00
Single-ply PVC membrane, insulation and ballast to exposed plant areas 100 m2 @£40.00
Lead roofing, code5; decking, insulation; to dormer windows 60 m2 @£100
Gutters, hoppers, soakers, flashings; code 4 lead 160 m2 @£60
Stairs188 10017.751.41
Reinforced concrete staircase; natural stone finishes; high-quality hardwood handrails and decorative balustrades; plastered and decorated soffit six flights @£17,500
Staff/escape staircases; reinforced concrete, granolithic finishes; mild steel handrails and balustrades; painted soffits 17 flights @£4,300
Access stairs in plant rooms allow£10,000
External walls1 087 000102.68.17
Temporary propping, repairs and cleaning to retained stone/masonry facade; cutting pockets for connections to new structure 1 360 m2 @£310
Extra for repairs to stonework features, cornices, string courses etc 230 m @£260
Portland stone plain ashlar cladding on precast concrete units with deocrative detials based upon retained facade, including window reveals, sills, string courses 1 020 m2 @£460
Extra for capping, parapet and cornice 75 m @£1 200
Party-wall construction; composite blockwork cavity wall with insulation 370 m2 @£40.00
Lightweight cladding, insulation and blockwork backing wall to roof level plant rooms  170 m2 @£80.00
Louvres to plant rooms and intakes 60 m2 @£300
Windows and external doors611 80057.754.6
Purpose-made bronze anodised aluminium and hardwood-framed double-glazed windows; opening lights in small panes to match appearance of original windows in retained facade; temporary support and modifications to existing openings  590 m2 @£600
Purpose-made bronze anodised aluminium and hardwood-framed double-glazed windows; opening lights; to new-build external wall and dormers 375 m2 @£450
Rotating entrance doors 3 @£20,000
Main entrance doors 4 sets @£4,000
Staff entrance, fire escape and roof access doors 12 @£750
Loading bay roller shutter allow£4 000
Internal walls and partitions526 30049.683.96
Dense concrete blockwork; 190 mm thick to corridor and separating walls of guest rooms 7 200 m2 @£30.00
Lightweight aconcrete blockwork; 100 mm thick to bathrooms, staff areas and all public areas 11 200 m2 @£19.00
WC cubicles to public areas 20 @£800
WC cubicles to staff areas 10 @£300
Full-height laminate ducts with access panels to WCs and washrooms 50 m @£130
Hardwood veneered folding partitions to meeting rooms and banquet areas 150 m2 @£480
Internal doors451 70042.643.4
Doors to guest rooms; hardwood frame; fire-rated; high-quality veneer finish and ironmongery 106 @£900
Doors to guest rooms; hardwood frame; non-fire-rated; high-quality veneer finish and ironmongery 232 @£700
Door to corridor and public areas; hardwood frames; fire-rated; part-glazed; high-quality veneer finish and ironmonery 94 @£1,000
Doors to staff areas; hardwood frames; fire-rated; vision panels; laminate finish; stainless steel ironmongery 112 @£600
Access hatches to service risers 106 @£150
Access doors to rise cupboards; softwood frame; fire-rated; ply-faced for painting 56 @£300
Wall finishes847 40079.996.37
Plaster and decorative vinyl wall coverings to guest rooms, guest corridors and public areas 13 600 m2 @£13.50
Plaster and emulsion paint to staff areas and back of house 3 700 m2 @£9.00
Dry lining, thermal board in M/F firrings and decorative vinyl wall linings to external walls of guest rooms, guest corridors and public areas 2 500 m2 @£32.00
Dry lining, thermal board on M/F firrings and emulsion paint to external walls of back of house areas 660 m2 @£25.00
Marble wall cladding to guest bathrooms and pubic areas; sand cement backing 1 860 m2 @£150
Ceramic tiling to guest bathrooms and public areas; sand cement backing 940 m2 @£50.00
Ceramic tiling to staff areas and kitchens; sand cement backing 2 620 m2 @£35.00
Hardwood veneered MDF panelling with mouldings; softwood subframe 920 m2 @£100
Direct decoration to blockwork in plant and storage areas; emulsion paint 2 150 m2 @£2.00
Allowance for dado and picture rails to guest rooms and guest corridors 4 000 m @£5.00
Floor finishes247 90023.41.86
Costs of carpets are included in the furniture, fittings and equipment budgets. 1500 m2 @£30
Total area of carpet is 6435 m2 4250 m2 @£40
Marble floor tiles to guest bathrooms and toilets; sand cement bed 510 m2 @£180.00
Wood block; resilient timber flooring to gymnasia and to banquet area as dance floor 180 m2 @£50.00
Non-slip ceramic tiles to pools and changing areas; waterproof render bed 240 m2 @£75.00
Heavy-duty, slip-resistant vinyl flooring to back of house and kitchen areas; sand cement screed 1160 m2 @£23.00
Stained hardwood skirtings to guest areas 4000 m @£15.00
Painted softwood skirtings to back of house areas 370 m @£7.00
Marble skirtings 150 mm high to guest bathrooms and public areas; sand cement backing 550 m @£35.00
Coved ceramic tile skirgings to public and back of house areas 675 m @£15.00
Vinyl skirtings to back of house and kitchen areas 1500 @£7.00
Ceiling finishes412 50038.943.1
Plasterboard suspended ceilings on M/F system; skim-coat and emulsion paint finish 6560 m2 @£21.50
Allowance for access panels allow£25,000
Allowance for downstands, coffers and other features allow£100,000
Fibrous plaster cornices 4500 m @£23.00
Concealed grid suspended ceiling with acoustic mineral-fibre tiles to guest toilets, health spa and office areas 710 m2 @£25.00
Exposed grid suspended ceiling with acoustic mineral fibre tiles to back of house areas 1260 m2 @£20.00
Fittings2 233 00099.248.09
Fittings are included as a part of furniture, fittings and equipment 3820 @£100
Sanitary appliances283 70026.782.13
Sanitary appliances to guest bathrooms; white vitreous china; recessed vanity washbasin; back to wall WC suite and bidet; heavy-gauge steel enamelled bath; white ceramic shower tray; glazed shower screen; shower installation; heated towel rail 96 @£2,400
Sanitary appliances to guest suites; white vitreous china; two recessed vanity washbasins; pedestal WC suite and bidet; heavy steel enamelled bath; white ceramic shower tray; glazed shower screen; shower installation; heated towel rail 10 @£2,700
Washbasins, WC suites and urinals to WCs in public areas allow£12,000
Washbasins, WC suites, urinals and showers to staff areas allow£10,000
Fireclay cleaners' sinks 7 @£250
Allowance for disabled fittings and grab rails 5 guest rooms @£500
Services equipment169 00015.951.27
Building management system 10 600 m2 @£15.00
Refuse compactor  allow£10,000
Disposal installations100 0009.440.75
Cast iron rainwater disposal system, PVCu and cast iron sanitary drainage and vent to guest rooms and service areas allow£100,000
Water installations280 00026.432.11
Copper rising main installation to all guest rooms and service areas, boosted cold water supply; hot water supply with calorifiers to each guest floor allow£280,000
Space, heating and air treatment2 113 200199.4715.89
Gas installation allow£20,000
Air-handling plant, chillers and pump distribution ductwork: fan-coil; gilles and diffusers to individual guest rooms and public areas; zoning control to meeting rooms; banquet areas; room control to guest room fan-coil units 8300 m2 @£160
Low-temperature hot water central heating installation including sectional boilers, pump, controls to guest rooms, public areas and back of house areas; perimeter heating to public areas 10 600 m2 @£60.00
Toilet extract to guest bathrooms; guest and staff WC and changing areas allow£20,000
Smoke extract and supply ventilation to basement areas including dedicated supply to health spa and fire rating of extract ducts 1560 m2 @£70.00
Electrical installations920 00086.846.92
Low voltage/high-voltage installation; lighting, emergency lighting and small power to guest floors and public areas, excluding decorative lighting which is included as FF&E 8300 m2 @£85.00
Lighting, emergency lighting and small power installation to staff and back of house areas, complete 2300 m2 @£65.00
Standby generator, fuel storage and flues allow£65,000
Lift installations304 00028.72.29
Two 12-person passenger lifts serving six levels   
Two 10-person goods lifts serving seven levels, one with fire-fighting capability    
Four dumb-waiter hoists servicing two levels   
One dock leveller   
Protective installations127 60012.040.96
Hose reels and dry risers allow£35,000
Sprinkler rising main and single-level sprinkler heads to guest corridors, public and staff arenas, system linked to fire- and smoke-detection systems 5900 m2 @£14.00
Lightning protection allow£10,000
Communications installations196 60018.561.48
Fire, smoke-detection and alarm system 10 600 m2 @£8.50
Public address, television aerial and clocks 10 600 m2 @£2.50
Closed-circuit television and security installation allow£15,000
Telecommunications, data and television wiring including tray, ladder lack and controls. Phones, televisions and other fittings included as FF&E 500 points @£130
Special installations120 00011.330.9
Swimming pool and filtration plant unit complete, including air bath   
Builder's work in connection with services230 00021.711.73
Associated buildiers' work, holes, sleeves, chases etc sdfwallow 5%
Subtotal11 083 701046.2283.33
Preliminaries and contingencies2 217 000209.2716367
Construction manager's fee, staff service gangs, site estabishment and trade contractors' preliminaries - allow 15% fdadfadfa
Design reserve and contingency allowances - allow 5% fasdafadsfa
Total for hotel shell13 300 7001 255.49 100
    
Furniture, fittings and equipment   
Guest room 106 @ £16 000 per person   
Guest room FF&E cost breakdown   
Carpets @ £1500   
Curtains, drapes and blinds @ £2000   
Sofas and armchairs @ £2500   
Throw cushions @ £400   
Writing desk and chair @ £750   
Coffee table @ £500   
Bed and headboard @ £1200    
Bedside tables @ £500   
Dressing table and chair @ £800   
Wardrobe / armoire @ £1200    
Sideboard @ £1000   
Mirrors @ £250   
Artwork @ £500   
Umbrella stand @ £100   
Bathroom stool and fittings @ £350   
Bed cover and valance @ £750    
Standard and table lamps @ £400   
Ceiling light and wall lights @ £400   
Television, video and audio equipment @ £600   
Sundries @ £300   
Suites   
Extra over costs of additional FF&E to suites 10 @ £10 000   
Public and front-of-house areas 2780 m2 @ £350   
Back-of-house areas 1710 m2 @ £100    
Kitchen equipment allow £250 000   
Furniture, fittings and equipment382 80036.13n/a
Procurement fee only for FF&E works excluded from construction manager's agreementallow 7%asfasafdads
Design reserve and contingency allowancesallow 5%fafdafdsf
Total for hotel furtniture, fittings and equipment3 572 800337.24n/a
 Net extra (savings)  
 £/m2 gfa  
Alternative element specifications   
Susbstructure   
New-build basement retaining wall to entire building perimeter, 360 m2 @ £18003-Apr  
Secant piled retaining wall structure in lieu of insitu cast retaining walls to entire building permieter, 660 m2 @ £215-23506-Jul  
Frame   
Reinforced insitu concrete frame and troughed slabs, 8925 m2 @ £68-90(11-40)  
Load transfer structure to create column-free space to banquet areas, £85,00010  
Upper floors   
150 mm thick lightweight insitu concrete on galvanised steel decking; screed, 7200 m2 @ £43-45(2)-0  
Roof   
Aluminium standing seam roofing with colour-coated finish' insulated composite steel decking, 2250 m2 @ £75-80(3-4)  
Mill finish copper standing seam roofing; insulated composite steel decking, 2250 n2 @ £83-88(1-2)  
External walls   
Portland stone cladding in lieu of retained facade elevation 1360 m2 @ £54029  
Mechanically fixed Portland stone cladding 75 mm thick in lieu of precast units; blockwork backing wall; insulation; new-build construction only, 1020 m2 @ £380-400(7-9)  
Granite-faced precast concrete cladding units in lieu of Portland stone plain ashlar; new-build construction only, 1020 m2 @ £500-600May-16  
Internal partitions   
Metal stud shaft wall system to lift shafts, 1240 m2 @ £30-  
Space heating and air treatment   
Variable-air-volume system in lieu of four-pipe fan-coil system, 8300 m2 @ £180-19520-30  
Luxury hotel assessment appraisal
   Shell & ServicesFF&ETotal
Beirut, LebanonFive-starUS&/m214203001720
  £/m29301951125
Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaFive-starM$/m221004802580
  £/m2540125665
Manila, PhillipinesFive-starPeso/m230 000650036 500
  £/m2750160910
 Four-starPeso/m228 000650034 500
  £/m2700160860
Perth, Western AustraliaFive-starA$/m221101652275
  £/m21050801130
 Four-starA$/m218651552020
  £/m2930751005
SingaporeFive-starS$/m21950-2250450-6502400-2900
  £/m2900-1050210-3001110-1350
 Four-starS$/m21700-1900350-4502050-2350
  £/m2790-880160-210950-1090
Regional variations
All costs in the model are abased on a central London location. costs should be adjusted by the following factors for schemes in other regions
Outer London0.94
East Anglia0.83
East Midlands0.82
Northern0.83
Northern Ireland0.72
North-West0.86
Scotland0.88
South-East0.88
South-West0.83
Wales0.83
Yorkshire & Humberside0.82