European whole-life costs | Features

Whole-life costs
	UK		Austria		Belgium		Finland		France		Germany		Greece		Ireland		Italy		Luxembourg		Netherlands		Portugal		Spain		Sweden
	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²	Total cost	Cost/m²
	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€	€
Construction cost *	1,754,618	780	1,473,879	655	1,386,148	616	1,684,433	749	1,666,887	741	1,614,248	717	1,386,148	616	1,719,525	764	1,421,240	632	1,701,979	756	1,719,525	764	1,473,879	655	1,421,240	632	2,158,180	959
Occupancy costs
M&E maintenance	618,563	275	577,271	257	554,925	247	657,275	292	641,019	285	653,615	290	438,268	195	708,693	315	364,094	162	987,458	439	477,295	212	334,030	148	734,932	327	595,628	265
Fabric	618,563	275	310,467	138	369,716	164	433,705	193	279,657	124	289,137	129	180,118	80	528,504	235	267,807	119	443,185	197	391,046	174	184,858	82	251,217	112	455,035	202
Cleaning	899,728	400	638,960	284	896,194	398	1,489,799	662	955,012	424	989,446	440	602,244	268	735,988	327	611,208	272	753,592	335	898,071	399	641,270	285	814,348	362	2,101,376	934
Waste	13,574	6	8352	4	9863	4	24,722	11	14,613	6	8352	4	6261	3	8872	4	9398	4	9501	4	10,963	5	5,222	2	9398	4	38,761	17
Electricity	418,888	186	684,731	304	281,938	125	225,550	100	491,393	218	378,617	168	273,901	122	298,055	132	386,676	172	212,661	95	426,947	190	443,063	197	692,789	308	155,303	69
Gas installations	33,589	15	87,464	39	40,533	18	2774	1	36,267	16	40,533	18	23,512	10	29,865	13	45,865	20	30,932	14	58,666	26	27,734	12	29,865	13	20,153	9
Water	27,137	12	14,169	6	42,883	19	46,428	21	37,288	17	24,424	11	27,967	12	23,067	10	29,851	13	44,749	20	44,749	20	41,018	18	35,423	16	36,356	16
Communications	400,798	178	917,762	408	383,027	170	289,689	129	292,714	130	321,929	143	206,688	92	384,007	171	274,848	122	461,182	205	361,565	161	395,814	176	247,330	110	309,303	137
Postroom	27,763	12	26,824	12	30,311	13	29,909	13	19,581	9	28,568	13	22,130	10	37,956	17	14,351	6	32,055	14	33,932	15	11,668	5	19,581	9	32,859	15
Porterage	57,132	25	41,937	19	48,262	21	50,803	23	33,063	15	42,746	19	31,088	14	63,461	28	27,133	12	53,448	24	52,973	24	20,543	9	31,749	14	54,824	24
Internal moves	696,125	309	349,396	155	416,075	185	488,088	217	314,723	140	325,392	145	202,703	90	594,773	264	301,387	134	498,756	222	440,079	196	208,037	92	282,717	126	512,092	228
Security	230,357	102	189,582	84	250,574	111	203,515	90	172,585	77	211,851	94	164,150	73	251,651	112	104,076	46	249,297	111	234,392	104	116,494	52	157,550	70	201,287	89
Management	169,517	75	115,238	51	183,713	82	116,908	52	134,445	60	137,367	61	106,470	47	138,620	62	65,552	29	171,187	76	137,785	61	100,207	45	112,316	50	95,614	42
Occupancy cost	4,211,735	1872	3,962,155	1761	3,508,014	1559	4,059,165	1804	3,422,361	1521	3,451,977	1534	2,285,499	1016	3,803,511	1690	2,502,246	1112	3,948,004	1755	3,568,462	1586	2,529,959	1124	3,419,217	1520	4,608,591	2048
Whole-life cost	5,966,352	2652	5,436,033	2416	4,894,162	2175	5,743,598	2553	5,089,248	2262	5,066,225	2252	3,671,647	1632	5,523,036	2455	3,923,486	1744	5,649,982	2511	5,287,987	2350	4,003,838	1779	4,840,457	2151	6,766,771	3007
* Construction costs exclude: land acquisition, capital allowances, finance costs and taxes.
** Occupancy costs exclude: lifts, external works and planting, reception and any catering.

Labour performance factors
	Climate (°C)			Rain (mm)			Labour	Building
Country	min	max	avg	min	max	Avg	performance factor	labourer income (€)*
Austria	-3	25	11	40	90	58	1.00	10,945
Belgium	-2	23	11	60	100	79	0.85	13,035
Czech Republic	-5	22	9	10	60	29	1.30	3780
Denmark	-3	22	9	40	55	47	0.90	20,800
Finland	-10	22	5	40	85	62	0.95	15,290
France	2	24	12	40	60	53	0.90	9860
Germany	-3	24	10	40	70	53	0.80	10,200
Greece	6	33	19	0	75	33	1.25	6350
Hungary	-4	28	12	30	70	51	1.20	2840
Ireland	2	20	10	50	80	68	1.05	18,630
Italy	5	30	17	10	110	60	0.95	9440
Luxembourg	-1	23	10	40	90	63	0.90	15,620
Netherlands	-2	22	10	50	80	63	0.90	13,785
Poland	-6	23	9	20	90	47	1.20	2840
Portugal	8	29	18	0	100	53	1.15	6515
Spain	2	31	16	10	50	34	1.10	8855
Sweden	-5	21	7	25	85	50	0.90	16,040
UK	3	22	11	40	55	47	1.00	21,805