Cost model: Urban design and infrastructure | Features

Indicative rates for paving and landscape
Pavements	Unit	Cost £
All rates allow for any sub-bases/foundations
Gravel; river or pit; washed; 63 mm thick	m²	15-28
Resin-bonded gravel; 63 mm thick	m²	30-45
Pea shingle	m²	16-21
Dense bitumen macadam to pavements; 60 mm thick overall; sub-base	m²	13-17
Precast concrete flag paving; 65 mm thick	m²	20-35
Precast concrete tactile flag paving; 65mm thick	m²	37-42
Precast concrete blocks; 65 mm thick	m²	25-40
Precast stone aggregate paving; 65 mm thick	m²	50-75
Brick paving; herringbone pattern	m²	50-75
Concrete setts	m²	40-50
Granite setts	m²	80-150
York stone slab; 75 mm thick	m²	90-125
Cobblestone; 50-75 mm diameter	m²	80-110
Kerbs; concrete	m	20-28
Kerbs; reconstituted stone	m	30-35
Kerbs; granite	m	50-100
Edgings; concrete	m	10-18
Edgings; granite	m	40-80
Reinforced grass	m²	25-30
Soft Landscaping
Decking; timber joists and cedar decking boards	m²	55-80
Cultivation and seeding to informal landscaped areas; by hand	m²	3-13
Cultivation and seeding to informal landscaped areas; by machine	m²	0.5-1
Extra for imported topsoil	m²	2-4
Planting; seeded areas	m²	3-5
Planting; turfed areas	m²	5-10
Planted areas; bulbs	m²	5-20
Planted areas; shrubbed	m²	10-20
Planted areas; dense	m²	25-40
Trickle irrigation pipes	m	2-6
Tree pits; 1 × 1 × 1 m deep; machine dug	nr	55-65
Tree pits; 1 × 1 × 1 m deep; hand dug	nr	65-100
Tree anchoring system; trees to 7.5 m high	nr	20-55
Tree guards; wire mesh and stakes	nr	15-20
Tree grille in frame; 1.2 m diameter	nr	250-750
Nursery stock trees; semi mature trees 20-25 cm girth:	nr	380-500
Nursery stock trees; semi mature trees 55-60 cm girth	nr	1250-1350
Street furniture
(All rates include for supply, installation, and any fixings/foundations)
Bollards; concrete	nr	110-180
Bollards; cast iron	nr	185-550
Benches; timber	nr	450-1000
Benches; concrete	nr	250-400
Litter bins; galvanized metal; on pole upstand	nr	50-100
Litter bins; cast iron; on pole upstand	nr	300-800
Cycle racks	nr	50-300
Tree planters; stand alone; precast concrete; 2 m dia × 235 mm high	nr	320-380
Pedestrian direction signage	nr	100-500
Fencing and security measures
(All rates include foundations)
Steel railings/guardrails	m	50-70
Chestnut pale fencing; 900 cm-1.2 m high	m	7-10
Close boarded softwood fencing; concrete posts; 1.35-1.8 m high	m	20-30
Chainlink fencing; 1.2-1.8 m high	m	20-40
Galvanized steel palisade fencing; 2.5 m high	m	80-95
Manual, folding parking post	nr	180-230
Manual telescopic bollard	nr	650-700
Automatic rising roadway blocker; card access control	nr	16,000-18,000
Water features
Formation of lake; excavation to 1.5 m maximum, off-site spoil disposal; butyl liner and blinding layer; top soil layer and planting	m²	50-90

Indicative rates for civils and services infrastructure
Rates for heavy civils and services infrastructure are appropriate for infrastructure projects in excess of £10m. The rates are current for the fourth quarter 2003, based on a South-east location. They include preliminaries, but exclude professional fees and VAT.
Primary road infrastructure
The development of business parks, distribution centres and large-scale housing schemes can involve the construction of roads designed for heavy traffic flows or for adoption by the local authority. Indicative costs of roads and associated features are set out below.
Roads
Two lane road 7.3 m wide, rural location	m	1100-1400
Extra for; features	nr	500
Two lane road 7.3 m wide, urban link road	m	1550-2000
Extra for; features	nr	700
Four lane road, dual carriageway, 25.6 m wide overall, rural location	m	1500-1800
Extra for; features	nr	1400
Four lane road,dual carriageway, 23.1 m wide overall, urban location	m	1500-1750
Extra for; features	nr	2300
Costs are based on normal ground conditions and include earthworks, drainage, pavements, lighting, signs, fencing and safety barriers (where necessary). The maximum depth of cut assumed is 1 m. Costs of features such as interchanges, side roads, bridges, culverts, gantries and retaining walls and so on are not included and are given as an average extra over cost for f
Civil structures
Road bridge; insitu concrete
15 m maximum span between abutments	m²	1150-1250
20 m maximum span between abutments	m²	1100-1300
Road bridge; insitu concrete with precast concrete beams
12 m maximum span between abutments	m²	1200-1300
17 m maximum span between abutments	m²	1100-1200
27 m maximum span between abutments	m²	1050-1150
Road bridge; insitu concrete with prefabricated steel beams
20 m maximum span between abutments	m²	1100-1250
40 m maximum span between abutments	m²	1050-1200
Footbridge; insitu concrete with precast concrete beams
10 m maximum span between abutments	m²	950-1000
Extra overcost of features constructed as part of the road construction programme
Pedestrian underpass, 3 × 2.5 m high	m	3500-4500
Vehicle underpass, 7 × 5 m high	m	16,500-20,000
Costs include excavation, concrete works, deck waterproofing and finishings and parapet. Rates are based on the area of the bridge deck.
Road crossings and signage
Roundabout, traffic signal controlled	nr	60,000-80,000
Four-way traffic signal installation	nr	38,000-55,000
Zebra crossing	nr	4500-5000
Pelican crossing	nr	12,000-18,000
Costs include road markings, beacons, luminaires and signs
Traffic signage; reflective	nr	100-170
Traffic signage; internally illuminated	nr	200-270
Traffic signage; externally illuminated	nr	450-1350
Ground remediation and stabilisation
Remediation
Removal	m³	55-165
Clean cover (rate based on area of site)	m²	25-55
On-site encapsulation (rate based on volume of material)	m³	25-90
Bio-remediation (rate based on mass of treated material)	t	35-95
Soil washing (rate based on mass of treated material)	t	45-95
Soil flushing (rate based on mass of treated material)	t	65-120
Vacuum extraction (rate based on mass of treated material)	t	55-120
Thermal treatment (rate based on mass of treated material)	t	825-1300
Stabilisation
Erosion control mat; topsoil	m²	4-6
Revetment; stone filled mattress gabions, 1 m thick	m²	50-85
Revetement; grasscrete; drainage layer, topsoil, seed	m²	35-45
Retaining wall; timber cribwall	m²	110-230
Retaining wall; precast concrete cribwall	m²	210-260
Retaining wall; precast concrete; complete	m²	270-330
Retaining wall; in-situ concrete; complete	m²	330-400
On-site roads, drainage and car parking
Site roads and drainage
Indicative costs of road and drainage infrastructure for housing, retail or industrial development
Medium duty highway construction
4% road density	ha	30,000-38,000
6.5% road density	ha	50,000-60,000
Heavy-duty highway construction
4% road density	ha	35,000-45,000
6.5% road density	ha	58,000-68,000
Costs based on the overall site area. Costs of car parking are excluded.
Land and site drainage
Site drainage; (rate based on paved area)	m²	5-18
Building drainage; (rate based on gifa)	m²	6-15
Land drainage to parkland at 30 m centres and main runs at 100 m centres	ha	3000-3300
Land drainage to sportsfields at 10 m centres and main runs at 33 m centres	ha	8000-9000
Costs include for excavation and backfilling of trenches and laying clay drain pipes with 75 mm diameter laternal runs average 60 mm deep; 100 mm diameter main runs average 750 mm deep.
Car parking
Surface car parking (20-22 m2 per car)	m²	50-75
Surface car parking; landscaped (22-24 m2 per car)	m²	80-110
Grade and upper-level car parking (24-30 m2 per car)	m²	150-250
Multistorey flat slab (24-30 m2 per car)	m²	270-340
Semi basement with natural ventilation (24-30 m2 per car)	m²	350-410
Lighting
Lighting to roads; 12-15 m columns	nr	600-750
Lighting to pedestrian areas; bollard	nr	550-750
Recessed ground lights	nr	250-1000
All rates include excavation; power supply and controls.
Below ground services
Services laid in trenches including excavation
Water main
PVCu water main; 75 mm; in 150 mm cast iron pipe as duct	m	45-80
Electric main
600/1000 V cable, 100 mm clayware duct; granular bed and surround	m	28-35
On site LV distribution
Armoured LV cable in trench; 3 core 2.5 mm cable;
trench backfilled with excavated material	m	8-15
Gas main
MDPE pipe; 150 mm; on granular bed and surround	m	40-60
Telecommunications
PVCu duct; 4 × 100 mm; on granular bed and surround;
backfill with excavated material; marker tape	m	20-35
Drainage
Slot drain; galvanized steel channel; stainless steel cover	m	90-150
Clay/PVCua pipework; 100/150 mm;
on granular bed and surround; up to 3 m deep	m	35-45
Cast iron pipework; 100/150 mm;
on concrete bed and surround; up to 3 m deep	m	60-90
Clay pipework; 300 mm; on granular bed and surround;
up to 3 m deep	m	85-100
Concrete pipework; 450 mm; on granular bed; up to 3 m deep	m	100-120
Concrete pipework; 900 mm; on granular bed; up to 3 m deep	m	140-170
Inspection chambers; brick; 900-1500 mm deep;
including concrete cover slab and cast iron cover and frame	nr	700-1000
Precast concrete inspection chambers; 1.5 m dia × 900-1.5 m deep;
concrete cover slab; cast iron cover and frame	nr	1000-1200
Extra over inspection chambers for reessed covers	nr	130-350
Road gully; vitrified clay or precast concrete; cast iron grating;
concrete surround; 450 × 900 mm deep	nr	170-200
High voltage electicity
11 kV overhead power lines (cost per run)	km	30,000-40,000
11 kV underground power lines (cost per run)	km	95,000-105,000

Regional variations
All costs in this article are based on schemes located in the South-east. The location factors can be used to adjust cost for projects in other areas. Care should be taken in applying the location factors to items where a high proportion of the cost is related to products or materials that do not vary in cost depending on the location of the work.
Inner London	1.13
Outer London	1.06
South-east	1.00
South-west	0.93
East Midlands	0.91
West Midlands	0.91
East Anglia	0.95
Yorkshire & Humberside	0.88
North-west	0.91
North	0.90
Scotland	0.91
Wales	0.91
Northern Ireland	0.78

Business park infrastructure: benchmark costs
	Lower range	Higher range	Lowest cost	Average cost	Highest cost
	£/ha	£/ha	£/ha	£/ha	£/ha
Earthmoving	30,000	330,000	30,000	170,000	330,000
Roads and parking	220,000	1,490,000	220,000	550,000	1,490,000
Drainage	30,000	30,000	25,000	30,000	35,000
Services	280,000	640,000	200,000	380,000	640,000
Landscaping	625,000	360,000	100,000	520,000	800,000
Total cost per ha	£1,185,000	£2,850,000	n/a	n/a
Costs are at fourth quarter 2003 price levels based upon an South-east location. Preliminaries and contingencies are included, allowances for professional fees and VAT are excluded.
The costs are based on a survey of a number of business park projects and represent a typical range rather absolute maximum and minimum costs. The costs exclude infrastructure work to development plots. Costs of demolition and land remediation are also excluded. Car parking, and ancillary buildings and costs of works beyond the immediate site boundary, including services connections, section 106 and 278 works are included.

Business park infrastructure: benchmark costs
	Lower range	Higher range	Lowest cost	Average cost	Highest cost
	£/ha	£/ha	£/ha	£/ha	£/ha
Earthmoving	30,000	330,000	30,000	170,000	330,000
Roads and parking	220,000	1,490,000	220,000	550,000	1,490,000
Drainage	30,000	30,000	25,000	30,000	35,000
Services	280,000	640,000	200,000	380,000	640,000
Landscaping	625,000	360,000	100,000	520,000	800,000
Total cost per ha	£1,185,000	£2,850,000	n/a	n/a	n/a
Costs are at fourth quarter 2003 price levels based upon an South-east location. Preliminaries and contingencies are included, allowances for professional fees and VAT are excluded.
The costs are based on a survey of a number of business park projects and represent a typical range rather absolute maximum and minimum costs. The costs exclude infrastructure work to development plots. Costs of demolition and land remediation are also excluded. Car parking, and ancillary buildings and costs of works beyond the immediate site boundary, including services connections, section 106 and 278 works are included.