Schools & Colleges - Cost model, March 1998 | Features

Environmental Performance Standards
Lighting levels
General classrooms		300 lux at the work surface
Lighting for visually demanding work		500 lux at the work surface
Temperature levels
Minimum
	classrooms, libraries and so on	18°C
	circulation areas, gymnasia and so on	15°C
Maximum		temperatures in excess of 28°C are acceptable on 10 days of the year
Ventilation
Background ventilation, occupied areas		3 litres/pupil/second
Additional capability, teaching areas		8 litres/pupil/second
Ventilation to washrooms		6 air changes/hour

Indicative floor areas (11-16 year secondary school)
Number of pupils	Teaching Area Requirement (m2)	Non-Teaching Area Requirement (m2)	Gross Area Requirement (m2)	Gross Area per Pupil (m2)
900	3600-4000	2500-2700	6100-6700	6.8-7.4
1200	4500-5100	3200-3400	7700-8500	6.4-7.1
1500	5600-6200	3800-4200	9400-10400	6.3-6.9
1800	6600-7300	4400-4900	11000-12000	6.1-6.8
Source: DfEE

Indicative proportions of non-teaching accommodation
Non-teaching space	% total non-teaching area	% gross area
Staff and administration	13-14	5.2-5.6
Pupils' storage and washrooms	Oct-13	4.0-5.2
Teaching storage	13-15	5.2-6.0
Catering	Oct-15	4.0-6.0
Ancillary areas	03-Jun	1.2-2.4
Circulation and partitions	44-48	17.6-19.2
Total non-teaching area		40
Source: DfEE

Indicative furniture/equipment costs
Teaching Space	Cost of furniture and equipment (£/m2 net internal area)
General teaching	100-155
Laboratories	130-220
IT and business studies	285-400
Design and technology	275-310
Art and design	185-215
Library resource centre	310-350
Circulation	30-50
Laboratory preparation	285-325
Staff accommodation	330-350
Source: Dfee

Cost model schemes: key features
Building type	Gross internal floor area (m2)	Cost (building only) (£/m2)
Classroom block	2600	624.55
Technology block	960	751.37
Performing arts building	900	1 284.90
Sports hall	1 760	865.9

Secondary school and college building construction costs and school building efficiency
	Average £/m2	Lower range £/m2	High range £/m2	Usable space / gfa	Usable space and circulation / gfa	Average overall cost/m2 usable space
Classroom blocks	670	590	730	0.71	0.88	940
Laboratories	820	600	900	0.82	0.94	1000
Craft, design and technology	810	670	900	0.79	0.85	1030
Music	1000	910	1050	0.77	0.87	1300
Sixth-form / tertiary	860	670	1030	0.74	0.9	1160
All secondar schools and colleges	760	630	910	0.77	0.89	990
Costs are for building only and exclude furniture and wquipment, external works, professional fees and VAT. Costs are at February 1998 prices based on locations in south-east England. Usable space as defined by the RICS is the total area of all enclosed space that fulfils the main functional requirements of a building. This includes teaching and non-teaching space but excludes cloakrooms, WCs and plant rooms.

Cost breakdown for classroom block
	Element cost (£)	Cost /m2 gfa (£)	% of total cost
Substructure	143 000	55	8.81
Reinforced insitu concrete foundations and ground slab; brick-and-block cavity walls to dpc; dpc and polythene vapour barrier		1300 m2 @	£110
Frame	51 000	19.62	3.14
Fabricated structural steel; grade 43; surface finishes; preparation, intumescent paint and enamel top coat		30 t @	£1,600
Extra for hollow sections		6 t @	£500
Upper floors	189 000	23.77	3.82
Contractor-designed beam-and-block upper floor construction		1300 m2 @	£28
Timber suspended floor; plywood sheathing		150 m2 @	£38
Roof	475 800	59.85	9.63
Reconstituted stone slate; structural timber; contractor-designed roof trusses; felt and battens; lead-sheet flashing and gutters; vapour barrier; insulation		1600 m2 @	£60
Laminated timber structural members; flame-resistant clear finish		175 m2 @	£52
Single-layer plastic roofing; structural timber; plywood decking; insulation		170 m2 @	£50
Opening rooflights; Velux; 780 x 1340 mm		2 m2 @	£720
Rainwater goods; plastic gutters and downpipes		320 m @	£13
Stairs	12 800	4.92	0.79
Contractor-designed precast concrete stairs and half-landings; two flights		Item @	£2,400
Insitu concrete steps and stairs; three flights		Item @	£1,800
Isolated balustrades; mild-steel handrail; ash-veneer panel		18 m @	£210
Isolated balustrades; mild-steel handrail and balustrades		26 m @	£115
Isolated handrails; mild-steel handrail, average 50 mm diameter		25 m @	£72
External walls	112 300	43.19	6.92
Cavity-wall construction; facing brick; fairface blockwork; insulation		1084 m2 @	£80
Allowance for pre-cast concrete sills; lintels; thresholds		Item @	£21 000
Sheet cladding; plywood and lead; timber subframe; insulation; clear finish		Item @	£4,600
Windows and external doors	80 500	30.96	4.96
Steel-framed, double-glazed windows and doors; powder finish		230 m2 @	£350
Internal walls and partitions	54 500	20.96	3.36
Partitions; 140 mm solid/hollow dense aggregate facing blockwork		2840 m2 @	£18
Cubicle partitions; laminated plastics		11 @	£310
Internal doors	78 900	30.35	4.86
Flush doors; solid-core; hardwood-veneer facings; factory lacquer finish; wrot softwood frame; 30/30 fire resistance; stainless steel door furniture		126 @	£550
Vision panels; 200 x 1200 mm; forming openings, glazing beads; Georgian wired glass		79 @	£40
Wrot softwood and hardwood glazed screens; fire-resistant glazing		28 m2 @	£230
Wall finishes	37 200	14.31	2.29
Drylining; plasterboard; skim coat; softwood framing; decoration		995 m2 @	£14
Sand-cement render; 10 mm thick; galvanised steel beads; ceramic tiling		175 m2 @	£41
Painting blockwork; 1 mist, 3 full coats emulsion		5362 m2 @	£3
Floor finishes	107 600	41.38	6.63
Carpet; RIW damp-proof membrane; sand-cement screed 75 mm thick; reinforcement; sound insulation to upper floors; skirtings to limited areas		2450 m2 @	£41
Sheet vinyl flooring; sand-cement screed 75 mm thick; reinforcement		90 m2 @	£50
Mats and matwells; stainlesss steel frame; coir matting		Item @	£2,600
Ceiling finishes	41 900	16.12	2.58
Suspended linings; battens; 12.5 mm plasterboard; decorations		480 m2 @	£27
Suspended linings; battens; 19 mm plank and 12.5 mm plasterboard; skim coat; decorations		935 m2 @	£31
Furniture and fittings	69 100	26.58	4.26
Whiteboards; 2400 x 1200 mm		40 @	£220
Projection screens; 1800 x 1800 mm		30 @	£280
Pinboards		850 m2	£x15
Worktops; beech-veneered and lipped chipboard; mild-steel framing		185 m2	£58
Allowance for shelving		Item @	£28 400
Sanitary fittings	15 000	5.77	0.92
WCs, urinals, washhand basins, fittings; laminated plastic duct panels		33 @	£430
Extra for fittings for disabled WCs		2 @	£150
Cleaners' sinks		2 @	£230
Disposal installations	20 800	8	1.28
Waste, soil and vent installation; PVCu pipework and fittings		2600 m2 @	£8
Water installations	41 600	16	2.56
Mains water; cold-water storage and distribution, hot-water calorifier, pumps and distribution pipework		2600 m2 @	£16
Space heating & air treatment	127 400	49	7.85
Heating installation; gas supply, boilers, pumps, distribution, flue		2600 m2 @	£20
Space heating; LPHW distribution; radiators, mild-steel pipework		2600 m2 @	£29
Electrical installations	140 000	54	8.65
Mains and sub-mains installation		2600 m2 @	£11
Small power installation		2600 m2 @	£11
Lighting and general luminaires		2600 m2 @	£32
Lift installations	286 000	35.97	5.79
Four-person electro-hydraulic lift serving 2 nr floors; 0.4 m/s		Item @	£18 300
Protective installations	8 000	3.08	0.49
Lightning protection		item @	£6,000
Earthing and bonding		item @	£2,000
Communications installations	41 800	16.08	2.57
Analogue fire alrm installation; smoke detectors; call points		2600 m2 @	£6
Telephone and data wireways; dado trunking; TV outlets		2600 m2 @	£3
Class change system		item @	£2,800
Security installation; intruder detection; CCTV and so on		2600 m2 @	£6
Special installation	26 00	10	1.6
Building management system		2600 m2 @	£10
Builder's work in connection	22 000	8.46	1.35
Forming holes, chases and so on: allows 5%		Item @	£22 000
Preliminaries and contingencies	211 800	81.46	13.04
Management costs; site establishment and supervision: allow 10%		Item @	£141 200
Contingency sum: allow 5%		Item @	£70 600
Total construction cost - building only	1 623 800	624.55	100

Cost breakdown for technology block
	Element cost (£)	Cost /m2 gfa (£)	% of total cost
Substructure	54 700	56.98	7.58
Reinforced insitu concrete ground beams and ground slab; brick-and-block cavity walls to dpc; dpc and polythene vapour barrier		290 m2 @	£130
Rotary bored, cast-in-placepiles; disposal; 300 average diameter		Item @	£17,000
Frame	95 000	98.96	13.17
Fabricated sturcutral steel; including surface treatments		60 t @	£1,200
Insitu concrete; column casing; white concrete; fine smooth finish		28 m @	£270
Drylining; beam casings; proprietary encasing system		498 m @	£31
Upper floors	20 800	21.67	2.88
Composite upper floor construction; insitu concrete on permanent steel formwork		630 m2 @	£33
Roof	36 500	38.02	5.06
Vaulted alumnium profiled roof cladding; steel decking; thermal and acoustic insulation; vapour barrier; concealed gutter (area measured on plan)		390 m2 @	£85
Allowance for insitu concrete flat roof to plant area		item @	£2,500
Plastic rooflights; 1200 x 1200 mm		1 @	£800
Stairs	12 300	12.81	1.71
Insitu concrete stairs and half landings; 1300 mm wide		10 m @	£230
Balustrades and handrails; 1.35 m average height; stainless steel		25 m @	£400
External walls	50 100	52.19	6.95
Curtain walling; thermally insulated stick system; aluminium-faced composite infill panels; anodised aluminium finish		110 m2 @	£190
Cavity-wall; facing brick; 100 mm thick blockwork; insulation		290 m2 @	£80
Allowance for pre-cast concrete sills; lintels; thresholds		item @	£1,900
Plywood cladding, timber subframe; insulation, clear finish		item @	£2,100
Glass-block screen to staircase		7 m2 @	£290
Windows and external doors	52 000	54.17	7.21
Steel-frame windows; W20 sections; double-glazed units; powder finish		21 m2 @	£390
Aluminium-frame, double-glazed windows; anodised finish		62 m2 @	£440
Aluminium-frame doors and frames; double glazin; anodised finish		5 @	£3,300
Internal walls and partitions	19 300	20.1	2.68
Partitions; 100 mm solid dense aggregate common blockwork		600 m2 @	£21
Screens and lights; single-glazed screens; polyester powder coating		30 m2 @	£200
Duct panels; laminated plastic sheet; 2500 mm high		4 m @	£180
Internal doors	21 600	22.5	2.99
Doors; solid core; MDF facings and frameset; non fire-rated; door furniture		39 @	£460
Extra for 30/30 fire-rated doors and frames		32 @	£50
Extra for vision panels; 300 x 500 mm; Georgian wired glass		10 @	£50
Extra for side screens; average 400 x 2300 mm; Georgian wired glass		6 nr @	£260
Wall finishes	11 600	12.08	1.61
Two coats plaster, 13 mm; emulsion paint		1184 m2 @	£9
Sand-cement render, 10mm; galvanised-steel lathing; masonry paint		28 m2 @	£33
Floor finishes	39 400	41.04	5.4
Sheet rubber flooring; sand-cement screed 75 mm average thick; reinforcement		821 m2 @	£45
Extra for work to stairs		99 m2 @	£5
Epoxy floor paint; plant areas		60 m2 @	£15
Matwells		Item @	£1,030
Ceiling finishes	14 300	14.9	1.98
Suspended ceiling; 12.5 mm plasterboard on M/F; 150-500 mm suspension; skim coat; decorations		511 m2 @	£23
Two coats plaster, 13 mm thick; emulsion paint		44 m2 @	£32
Cement lim render; 20 mm thick; lathing; masonry paint		25 m2 @	£46
Furniture and fittings	16 200	16.88	2.25
Window blinds		52 m2 @	£24
Worktops with storage cupboards; pupose-made; Antium work surface; laminate faced MDF cupboards		20 m @	£500
Allowance for damp cupboards and shelving		Item @	£5,000
Sanitary fittings	900	0.94	0.13
WCs; washhand basins, fittings; complete		4 nr @	£230
Disposal installations	7700	8.02	1.07
Waste, soil and vent installation; PVCu pipework and fittings		960 m2 @	£8
Water installations	15 400	16.04	2.13
Mains water; water pumps, storage and distribution pipework		960 m2 @	£16
Space heating and air treatment	47 000	48.96	6.52
Heating installation; gas supply, boilers, pumps, distribution, flue dilation		960 m2 @	£20
Space heating; LPHW distribution; radiators, mild-steel pipework		960 m2 @	£29
Electrical installations	51 800	53.96	7.18
Mains and sub-mains installation		960 m2 @	£11
Small power installation		960 m2 @	£11
Lighting and general luminaires		960 m2 @	£32
Lift installation	21 700	22.6	3.01
Four-person electro-hydraulic lift serving 4 nr floors; 0.4 m/s		Item @	£21 700
Protective installations	4 000	4.17	0.55
Lightning protection		Item @	£3,000
Earthing and bonding		Item @	£1,000
Communications installation	34 800	36.25	4.82
Fire alarm; smoke detectors; call points		960 m2 @	£6
Telephone and data wireways; TV outlets to classrooms		960 m2 @	£2
Allowance for structured cabling		Item @	£20 000
Class change system		Item @	£1,400
Security installation; intruder detection, CCTV and so on		960 m2 @	£6
Special installations	9 600	10	1.33
Building management system		960 m2 @	£10
Bulder's work in connection	10 000	10.42	1.39
Forming holes, chases and so on: allow 5%		Item @	£10 000
Preliminaries and Preambles	74 600	77.71	10.34
Management costs, site establishment and supervision: allow 10%		Item @	£49 700
Contingency sum: allow 5%		Item @	£24 900
Total construction cost - building only	721 300	751.37	100

Cost breakdown for a performing arts building
	Element cost (£)	Cost /m2 gfa (£)	% of total cost
Substructure	84 700	94.11	7.32
Reinforced insitu concrete foundations and ground slab; cavity walls to dpc; vapour barrier
Roof	156 400	173.78	13.53
Sltae pitched and conical roof; proprietary felt flat-roof system; patent glazing; laminated and sawn structural timber; framing; facias, eaves and verges; vapour barriers; rainwater goods.
Stairs	2 800	3.11	0.24
Access stairs and cat ladders
External walls	78 500	87.22	6.79
190 mm thick dense concrete blockwork; insulation
Window and external doors	68 200	75.78	5.9
Purpose-made wrot softwood screens and windows; proprietary steel-framed glazed screen; double glazing; solid-core flush doors; ironmongery
Internal walls and partitions	24 800	27.56	2.15
Partitions; 100 mm solid blockwork; plasterboard-faced timber stud partitions; wrot softwood single-glazed screens; WC cubicles
Internal doors	36 100	40.11	3.12
Flush doors; solid-core; hardwood-veneer facings; wrot softwood frame-sets, 30/30 and non fire-rated; ironmongery
Wall finishes	30 200	33.56	2.61
Two coats plaster; ceramic tiling on sand-cement backing; acoustic panels to auditorium; emulsion paint
Floor finishes	50 700	56.33	4.38
Carpet, slate tile, sheet rubber; sand-cement screed; insulation; dpm; skirtings; decorations; matwells
Ceiling finishes	14 200	15.78	1.23
Suspended plasterboard linings; decorations; clear finishing to soffit of roof decking
Furniture and fittings	107 900	119.89	9.33
Fittings to foyer area; lighting gantry and access platforms; auditorium seating; staging; fixed furniture to classrooms
Sanitary fittings	6 700	7.44	0.58
WCs, urinals, washhand basins, fittings and so on; showers; cleaners' sinks
Mechanical and public health	149 300	165.89	12.91
Waste, soil and vent installation; mains water; hot-and cold-water storage and distribution, boiler; LPHW space heating; supply, extract and smoke extract ventilation to auditorium; controls
Electrical installations	94 600	105.11	8.18
Mains and sub-mains installation; supplies to mechanical plant; small power; lighting and emergency lighting; lightning protection; earthing and bonding; fire alarm; wireways for data and telecoms; intruder detection
Special installations	80 000	88.89	6.92
Stage lighting and sound reinforcement installation
Builder's work in connection	17 000	18.89	1.47

Preliminaries and contingencies	150 900	167.67	13.05

Total construction cost - building only	1 156 400	1 284.90	100

Cost breakdown for sports hall
	Element cost (£)	Cost /m2 gfa (£)	% of total cost
Substructure	82 000	46.59	5.38
Reinforced insitu concrete column bases, strip foundations and ground slab; brick-and-block cavity walls to dpc; dpc and polythene vapour barrier
Frame	200 400	113.86	13.15
Fabricated structural steel; grade 43; columns, beams and trusses; cladding rails
Upper floors	21 700	12.33	1.42
Reinforced concrete suspended slab; power floating
Roof	144 900	82.33	9.51
Contractor-designed aluminium-profiled roof cladding on plywood decking; single-layer plastic roofing on plywood decking; aluminium roof lights
Stairs	45 000	25.57	2.95
Precast concrete stairs and landings; Blanc de Bierges and beech treads; galvanised steel balustrades with stainless steel handrails
External walls	90 800	51.59	5.96
Cavity-wall construction with handmade racing bricks; rendered blockwork; aluminium/galvanised steel insulated cladding
Windows and external doors	128 600	73.07	8.44
Contractor-designed steel-framed, double-glazed windows and screens; powder-coated finish; solid core doors; revolving entrance door
Internal walls and partitions	38 600	21.93	2.53
Blockwork paritions; polyester-powder-coated galvanised steel screens with Pyran glazing; laminated WC cubicles
Internal doors	42 300	24.03	2.78
Polyester powder-coated glazed door/screen assemblies with Pyran glazing; galvanised steel doors and frames; fire-rated laminate-faced solid-core doors
Wall finishes	32 300	18.35	2.12
Lightweight plaster; ceramic tiling on sand cement backing; emulsion paint
Floor finishes	80 300	45.63	5.27
Maple-strip floating floor; wood-block flooring; vinyl sheet; barrier matting; ceramic tiles
Ceiling finishes	4 600	2.61	0.3
Lightweigh plaster; wallboard and skim coat; decorations
Furniture and fittings	76 000	43.18	4.99
Gymnasium and sports hall equipment; bleacher seating; sotrage cupboards and shelving; cloakroom equipment; fittings to reception

Regional Variations
All costs in this model are based on schemes in south-east England and should be adjusted by the following location factors for schemes in other areas.
Inner London	1.07
Outer London	1.01
South-west	0.93
East Midlands	0.91
West Midlands	0.92
East Anglia	0.94
Yorkshire and Humberside	0.91
North-west	0.95
Northern	0.91
Scotland	0.93
Wales	0.9
Northern Ireland	0.8